Tangem Wallet Pack of 2 - Secure Crypto Wallet - Trusted Cold Storage for Bitcoin, Ethereum, NFT's &

Tangem Wallet Pack of 2 - Secure Crypto Wallet - Trusted Cold Storage for Bitcoin, Ethereum, NFT's &
Key item features Ultimate Security: Generates a private key that remains on the card, safeguarding crypto and NFTs from hackers with EAL6+ certification and audited firmware. Versatile Compatibility: Manages over 13,000 tokens across 70+ blockchains, supporting DeFi, NFTs, and DeEx without wires, Bluetooth, or USB. Effortless Operation: Utilizes NFC for secure transactions via a mobile device and the Tangem app, enabling buying and selling crypto with various payment methods. Smart Backup: Features a second Tangem Wallet as a backup, eliminating the need for paper, pictures, or seed phrases for recovery. Durable Design: Boasts IP68 protection against environmental conditions, ensuring longevity and robust physical security. Comprehensive Support: Compatible with Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, XRP, USDT, and over 6,000 cryptocurrencies, integrating with dApps and WalletConnect.

LBANK

LBANK

Why does Bitcoin use both a transaction ID and a witness transaction ID?

While learning Bitcoin transactions and SegWit, I came across the distinction between the traditional transaction ID (txid) and the witness transaction ID (wtxid). I understand that the txid is the double-SHA256 hash of the serialized transaction excluding the witness data. andd wtxid commits to the transaction including the witness data. SegWit introdduced wtxid partly to solve transaction malleability issues.

What I am having trouble understanding is why Bitcoin needs both identifiers instead of simply replacing txid with a hash that always commits to the witness data. For example, suppose a SegWit transaction has the same inputs and outputs but different witness data. The txid remains unchanged while the wtxid changes. I would like to understand the design consequences of this distinction... What specifically would break if Bitcoin used only wtxid everywhere? Why do transaction inputs continue to refer to previous outputs using txid:vout rather than wtxid:vout? How does this distinction affect the mempool and transaction relay? Why does the witness merkle tree in a block use wtxids while the normal merkle tree uses txids? Is the separation primarily a backwards-compatibility decision, a consequence of how SegWit fixes malleability, or are there deeper protocol reasons?

I am particularly interested in the historical/design reasoning rather than just the definitions of txid and wtxid. References I've been reading so far include BIP141 and the Bitcoin transaction/SegWit sections of Mastering Bitcoin.



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